By: Angel Ontiveros Cabrera /
En aspañol aquí /
The Matrix[1] owns you. You think you own your life, your actions, all those little or great things you do every day, but how could you prove that all this is not an illusion? Haven’t you ever had a dream that seemed very real? How then would you know how to differentiate dream from reality? To make you believe that you live a normal existence is a very great power, a form of terrible control. Laurence Fishburne – Morpheus
We use it every day, every hour, sometimes every minute, apparently it seems harmless. A chat with a friend, a quick search for information, a look at some map of the app, or why not, a spontaneous purchase of a new book. But today’s Internet incubates a dark secret, it is about surveillance, not in the way we imagine, it is about controlling in a new way. It is about our souls and how they can take it from us.
As many of you know, the Internet has had quite positive development until recently, then it has developed, consolidated, and exploited in a very dark direction, in a terribly cunning way, and ruthlessness too. Cunning and ruthless in a way that differs from previous capitalist expansions in the way it proceeds not violently but, wrapped in a mantle of kindness so to speak, in his distorting external expressions.
I intend to start with a book that is already being talked about a lot, it was published last year, it is called: The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Struggle for a Human Future in the Face of the New Frontiers ofPower, by Shoshana Zuboff. You could say a lot about this book, bulky, and extraordinarily rich in content. [2]
For many years ago, back in my homeland, I was with a brother with southern lands from Bolivia. After an intense day of forced tours of tourists, we end up sitting on the banks of the Guadalquivir river a tributary of the Bermejo river in Tarija. Tasting a jug of grape chicha, contemplating the waters of the river that the most beautiful tunes of the place came down in a musical harmony. Amid that natural beauty my brother asks me: How long do you work; is it no longer time to liberate yourself and return to your country? Or will the family eventually end up living and dying in uncharted lands, or can the strength of the mother earth that saw us born more than our derailed destinies? I warned the most central questions of politics: homeland or exile, lord or subject? Master or slave? All of them eternal themes related to knowledge, authority, and power that we will be able to settle once and for all. There is no end of the History says Shoshana Zuboff: each generation must affirm its will and imagination in the face of new threats that force us to judge again the same cause in each successive era. When the most ancient questions are asked, billions of people from all social stratum, generation and society must answer them. Zuboff also begins his work with chapter 1: Home or Exile, the most ancient questions.
Zuboff: s thesis is that the raw material of capitalism today is such that it requires massive and growing follow-up (in the absence of a better word we can call it) oversight of what we do today, without we really realizing it. I begin with a chapter in which she anchors his reasoning in a historical way. This chapter can be called imperialist statements or explanations in a historically known pattern of conquest. How does it happen when you conquer a new continent like Abya Yala, for example? When the Spaniards arrive in Mexico, Bolivia, Ecuador, etc. what happens?? There is a pattern that historians have divided it into three phases. First, they make legal statements and claims to justify the invasion that satisfies the legal claims of their own power. Second, territorial claims are declared based on these legal determinations. Third, a city is founded to legitimize and institutionalize the conquest. In this sense it is that a fact is established in the void, so to speak. Like the way it happened with the money, they said that something is money and so it happened, although there was no money before, and suddenly there was a lot of money. Somehow, it is the same thing that happens here. If we take the Spaniards when they conquered Abya Yala. When their troops or soldiers came, they read a monarch edict of 1512,[3] this edict was read to the Amerindians in a language, reasoning, and concepts that they did not understand, it was indicated that: in these conquerors the authority of God, the pope, the king, and on that basis the indigenous were declared vassals subordinate to that authority, and thus are established legally and formally.
Perhaps the goal today is not to discover who we are, but to reject who we are. Michael Foucault
This edict then lists the terrible punishments that await indigenous people who refuse to submit, and all resistance was, of course, described as a revolt against legal power. What is being done here?… That is the question for Zuboff, and that is in principle the most interesting. By claiming that something is like this, then that becomes such a thing, even if it is not yet so. Orit does not behave as if a new reality already exists before it has been realized, it is intended that this is the case, so any subsequent action is determined accordingly, and thus constituted. There are philosophers, social historians and others who believe that: all institutional realities in general have been created in this way. I mention this just to illustrate, how you can declare something out of nothing, the key here for Zuboff is that it very convincingly describes how the power structures of the digital world have been established and developed exactly this way.
When the Tainos of the pre-Columbian Caribbean islands first saw those sweaty, bearded Spanish soldiers walking hard through the sand with their brocades and armor, how would they recognize the meaning of that moment and what augured for their future? Unable to imagine their own destruction, they thought those strange creatures were gods and welcomed them with elaborate hospitality rituals. This is how what is unprecedented manages to systematically confuse our ability to understand. S. Zuboff
In a section of the above chapter, she describes something she calls: Google’s statements, again on a precise way that are pre-distilled from existing Google documents. The six points in the reproduced version of Zuboff say the following (Now you must think here that it is Google that affirms this, speaks of itself and what they want to do, what they think, to what they are entitled to). This is Google’s policy statement:
1.- We see all human experience as raw material, free to be exploited, and on this basis, we ignore the opinions of interests, conscience, understanding, or individual rights.
2.- Based on this, we claim the right to take all individual experience and translate it into behavioral data.
3.- Our right to take for granted based on the explanations of the free raw material gives us the right to possess this behaviour data based on human experience.
4.- Our right to take and possess gives us the right to know what this data reveals.
5.- Our right to take, possess and know gives us the right to decide how we use this knowledge
6.- Our right to take, own, know and decide gives us the right to preserve our right to own, know and decide.
All these points must be in place for the machinery to work, all must, so to speak, be applied. And all of this lies in your terms of service agreement that you agree to as soon as you start using these services. I suspect Zuboff means that these statements are somewhat equivalent to the statements the conquerors read on the coast of Abya Yala when they arrived in 1492 and beyond. In the case of Google, instead of territory, it refers to us, our behaviors, as soon as you register as a new user, on Google, Facebook or Microsoft and its services. Google started first, then Facebook got hooked, Microsoft followed them and developed more. I could name other apps, but these are the biggest and most important actors. By using its services, you accept these six points mentioned above. You give up the right to know and do whatever it wants with the knowledge of our behavior. Somehow, serious abuse could be said when it is formulated in that way. Virtually all large Internet companies, especially to the extent that they are free, are often based on this logic, that is how they make money. In this way, these companies are now the richest and most powerful companies in the world, they have a greater budget turnover than many countries. Increasingly, so-called ordinary companies working on the Internet adhere to the same logic.
Now we incorporate increasing control into the technology itself. The control is integrated. If you look at a modern computer, in most cases, you cannot even open it to know all its components. Julian Assange
What is hard for many to imagine is, what would be the value of this behavioral data? Well, for example, when using Google’s map service, you have agreed that it is OKAY to record where you are all the time, you will say: I’m just coming and going from work, school, etc. How can they make money from that? That is how I think a lot of people’s thoughts go. If we now take the first and second point of Google’s statements: (1) we see the whole human experience as a free raw material, and (2) based on this, we claim the right to take all the individual experience and translate it into behavioral data. The interesting question is, what does this behavior data mean? This was a gradual discovery by Google. Google started out as a purely searchable service that quickly proved to be the best search service available. From the beginning they used the data that people entered, what were people looking for? All the search words, and then further developed the algorithms behind them to improve searches (and still do), so that search ambitions are still there, deep down is the basis. They later realized that they obtained many other extra data, namely; where the person looking for this lives and that, how old is the person looking for this and that, lives, and this correlates with all the searches that people do in different areas, times of the year or during the day and all this generates something called metadata, that is, not the search data itself, but, a lot of data about the schedules, and many other things that come in addition. All this that from the beginning they thought had no use, suddenly they understood that that is where the real value resided. And what is revealed when this is really refined is that it is possible to distinguish incredibly detailed patterns of social behavior, that is, patterns of social behavior added in many people, but also, that it is possible to continue fine-tuning until finally reaching an individual level.
All of this is what they mainly earn money for, that is; targeted ads that are based on that data, many will recognize, for example, after searching for something, they subsequently get ads about the topics in their search. Depending on the amount of data you have generated in the different searches you have performed, and how much in turn you can correlate with others looking from the same IP address, or the same geographic area, etc. The sum of this can be evaluated over time when this continues to be developed with more powerful programs, such as so-called artificial intelligence and new conclusions. An early example of the consequences of this is that a family, or a woman, received advertising on baby products even before she knew she was pregnant. So, there are many anecdotal examples of this type, so this has proven to be enormously powerful on an individual level, this is what is called behavioral data. The economic value in this lies in being able to sell ads that have great economic value, what generates according to Zuboff surveillance capitalism which is, above all, the trade with metadata to various stakeholders in it, not only for advertising purposes, but, you can sell to other companies that want to know what people are interested in, what they care about, what they are looking for and what they dream, etc. Everything from companies to also authorities and who ever can and wants to pay. It is a remarkably interesting material that you get because people live so intimately connected to the network that, it might know what people are thinking about.
So far, everything mentioned sounds quite innocent, and the problem is as Zuboff correctly points out here: we have no natural background experience with which to contrast, how to understand, and how all this works, the whole thing is very technical. We may understand that certain data is collected, but we do not understand what large amounts of correlated data in a certain way can in turn generate a new type of knowledge, often also trade secrets. So how exactly does Google do it? Zuboff gives examples of how this works in practice, much of this is not consistent with normal ethical notions of how things should be done, and even sometimes illegal in the way they do. The strategies of Google and other actors have been that, they don’t ask permission, they just do it and then they wait for what happens, if they face any problems somewhere, if there are protests in any way, like what happened about Google’s Street View[4] (where you can see the streets around the world), received a lot of criticism in some places like Germany, where there were a lot of protests and they tried in different ways to declare it illegal. Google went back a little bit and said, well, that was not really the idea, they did not think of it that way, and it presents it as innocent abuse. Afterwards, many Germans were content with that challenge and thought well, well that they understood that this may have been inappropriate. But, internally, Google did not care, they took it as opposing signals they had received and moved on.
Zuboff mentions all of Google’s strategic steps in much more detail and makes a timely analogy with a territorial occupation. It invades one and other territory, and no one can do anything about it. Google is always more and more ahead of current legislation. These companies also have the largest, most powerful, and well-organized lobbying organizations in various political contexts such as the United States Senate and the Congress, the European Parliament, and many other parties. There are very few actors who teach this muscle when lobbying to influence politics and legislation like these companies. The question is whether we are facing a potential surveillance society, and whether it could be abused, or whether there are already indications that it is by now being abused. One of the first suspicions among people familiar with this was that U.S. intelligence agencies CIA, NSA, FBI, and others had access to this information. And now in retrospect it has been revealed and confirmed that, if such cooperation exists, so those agencies belong to Google’s customers (or whatever they are called).
We must understand that democracy is a system that rejects democratic forms to facilitate reduced consumption and overexploitation, together with state control of the economy, in coordination with national consortia and multinationals, model closer to traditional fascism than to democracy. Noam Chomsky
It is interesting when there is a change of technology because things like privacy, surveillance were something that the state, at least in many countries, has been incredibly careful about, as soon as a surveillance camera was placed. But this is happening in the shadows, and by private companies of which no authority has knowledge and control of what they do, since much of the surveillance debate so far has focused heavily on state surveillance, and this has easy-to-understand historical bases. For all this the book has become so controversial and novel when applied to these documents, which are detailed and convincing, about how this new type of capitalism works, under premises of pure vigilance, so if a State were involved in it, they would all open their mouths, there would be great manifestations, and everyone would go completely crazy. The reason why that does not happen is that these companies have such good services that all of this is based on that control. Everyone uses it and they have become increasingly addicted to its use. Hence why comparison is made with imperialist declarations, declarations of conquest, the steps of conquest, and when ordinary people begin to discover the consequences of this thanks to Zuboff and others who have studied this, then all this has already happened, and it was established on a large scale, and it is not possible to get rid of the without further ado. It is already a part of the established infrastructure, so now we are all like the natives during the conquest, what does it matter what we think?
As for disciplinary power, it is exercised by becoming invisible; instead, imposes on those to whom it submits a principle of mandatory visibility. Michel Foucault
We mentioned above about the different stages of colonization, where are we now at this stage of colonization? It can be said that Zuboff names three main stages: 1.- Is to establish all that we mentioned, 2.- Is start making money seriously, first with ads (which is metadata-based), but that it is immediately discovered that the metadata contains even many other values that are not necessarily visible in ads. And they are also used in other ways as a rule to sell things, since it is business and make money, so, directly, or indirectly, it is mainly about selling things. The third step is when it starts to get cynically serious. What is really the fundamental ambition of capitalism, that is, the greatest desire of investors, and financial ones? It is not only the maximum benefit, but also the safe benefit, the predictability, as risk-free as possible. These actors are good at encouraging others to take risks, but they themselves are not really interested in taking any risks, so the safer the investment the better, this becomes a basic goal with this technology. This is Zuboff’s most disturbing argument. With this technology, not only can data be collected on what it has been like so far, and how people have behaved and are behaving so far, what they want, what they dream, what they are discussing, what they think, etc. But the worst, they can also start manipulating it, start controlling where people should go, where they should travel, what they should think, etc. That has already happened, for example, many have seen and heard in news reports regarding the election of Trump’s election. When Cambridge Analytica, a company that does this kind of thing, has been beaten a lot and has been greatly overshadowed to say it to you and that all its business logic was based on this and that is why they received a lot of criticism.[5]
So, where is all this going? Noor just to be aware in a forward-looking sense, but also to make predictions so reliable in manipulating people’s behavior on a large scale, so that they are statistically much more confident about what the outcome will look like, and thus know where investments should go. One can influence political choices, influence what people should buy, influence where people should travel, influence which opinions are most easily accessible, which books and movies are read and viewed more, which in turn can also be built with the same hidden motif in a cunning and subtle way. A little simplified, you can say that this would be possible because everyone would get an Internet to personal design in some way. Especially there that we live more and more in a digital world, you could get a world personally designed for each one. This is now about to expand into the physical, through various sensors and other things that track what is happening physically in cities and elsewhere. Who and, above all, how many people move back and forth, what do they look at, where they stop, what they might be interested in, why suddenly so many people go to a Nike store right now? From the simple act of observing and seeing these patterns behind all that data, until you begin to control the current of behavior through the technical possibilities, and the various psychological or emotional possibilities of controlling. Something that already all kinds of propaganda is also based on it, but in a cruder way than digital, which can be calibrated very well and easily. All this is, of course, alarming, but you could say that only when the State becomes evil, is that when the trap really works? An affirmative answer could be given to this, because somehow there is no direct evil purpose behind this. It is the consequences that turn out to be potentially bad, historically studied we know that, if there is an opportunity to cheat, this happens.
We must not forget that only the United States or American companies are working on this, the other great player who is about to become an even greater player in this context is China, which has an incredibly advanced technical digital infrastructure developed, which more uninhibited to penetrate what we consider to be personal integrity. And speaking of behavioral control, in China it has been introduced on a fairly broadscale, something called Social Credit[6], which means everything you do using digital technology, and there are millions of people who use it. China has even outperformed the United States in terms of technological development, now Silicon Valley seeks inspiration from Shenzhen in China.
What is all about with social credit is that everything you do digitally is recorded and qualified in different ways, how good a citizen you are? So, if you do something that the State believes does not sing in the good spirit of Chinese citizens, you are punished, it will be harder to get a loan, it will be much more expensive to buy certain tickets, etc. so it is a way to control people’s behavior more directly. But haven’t people been controlled at different times? people have been controlled even in the Middle Ages, what is new with this? As I see it now, it is the level and technical possibilities that can be further automated to a great extent. Deep down they are already automated. In the GDR and the Soviet Union, for example, they had very giant, resource-consuming surveillance systems. An agent of Stasi had to live in almost every building in the cities of East Germany, for the espionage to work, and in the end it no longer worked. But the difference with the new technology is that this can happen almost on its own?
Digital connection is now a means of satisfying the business purposes of others. In its very foundation, capitalism of surveillance is parasitic and self-referential. Resurrect that old metaphor of Karl Marx, who portrays capitalism as a vampire who feeds on the worker but gives him an unexpected twist: instead of workers, the food source of surveillance capitalism is any aspect of any human being’s experience. Shoshana Zuboff
The deeper danger with the new technology, depending on the level at which it is discussed, it is possible to find arguments that say it is not so dangerous, or that despite everything, it is still good in many aspects as well. There is a level where it is exceedingly difficult to find heavy arguments for it, and that is what is scary. Because that has to do with the vision of the human being, because what is a human being according to this technological development, and these technical possibilities? A human being for this system is: behavior, behavioral data, that is what it comes down to a human being. We know how historically the funding of academic research works, we realize that it supports what generates economic income.[7] In today’s socio-economic and political context, dominated by neoliberal hegemony, the Public University faces new contradictions that jeopardize the ideal of autonomy, sovereignty, and social commitment that have characterized it in the last century. He said above “depending on the level at which it is discussed” if we consider the current socioeconomic context of public universities in a global context, then it is not difficult to predict that discussions ended up being very condescending to the system.
Of course, there will always be thinkers, researchers, philosophers, and others who thinks scientifically that behavioral data says everything you need to know about a human being. One of the most famous and important psychologists of the entire twentieth century was B. F. Skinner, who had it all as his research program and even wrote utopian books on how good a society was if you could base everything on collecting reliable data to a large extent, then what is good and what is wrong? All the discussions and concerns about this only create a lot of problems, so if we had to base society on the so-called objective data on how we behave, we would create ideal societies, that was Skinner’s thesis. It is no coincidence that Zuboff in this book uses Skinner’s thesis as a historical background to all this technical development, and he is right. She also met Skinner when he was his teacher, so there are certain connections that make everything more interesting.
This last phase is the one that is scary, the others are alarming, sympathetic to criticism, but the last phase is the one that does not reach the heart, that is, this of measuring everything, leads to a human vision that is extremely dangerous, steals our soul literally by speaking. Could we say that, in this system she describes, our behavior is raw material? Yes, the kind of data that can be collected about our behavior in this way is raw material, and it is much, colossally more than that, because, to a large extent, it is possible to predict what people will do in the future, both individually and collectively. If we interpret it a little symbolically, then I think about the things I mentioned in a previous essay: What does capitalism do with raw material? … It transforms it into a product that then becomes garbage. What if we follow that logic to the end? Imagine that if they take something from us and use it, then we lose something, even if we do not realize it, we don’t think about it in a concrete way. Of course, we do not lose anything at the very moment we interact on the Internet, but in the long run? people also have the ability not to notice and not worry about anything before everything has already happened, when it is too late.
The moment it is perceived that it was according to the economy of power, more effective and more profitable to monitor than to punish. This moment corresponds to the formation, both fast and slow, of a new type of exercise of power (…) Michel Foucault
Join my wild associations now when I will try to unite some of the topics I have mentioned so far. When everything new started with the Internet, everything was so exciting. Some voices of protest rose but were quickly silenced because they were considered too pessimistic. And just as this was happening, the behavioral data began to be discovered, exactly when discussions should begin, but that did not happen. After a few years this started to generate money, do you think that raw material, that is, our human behavior is a kind of oil? Remember my note on oil and its infrastructure? That it is invisible, that its existence occurs somewhere unknown, that we know it is dangerous, and more now when we receive alarm reports about fossil fuels, but it is invisible, and at the same time, it is the fuel of the so-called modern world. This is a new raw material, even if the analogy is a little terrifying, I will try as much as possible to extract some kind of symbolism from it. We know that the land should not be penetrated, it is taboo according to the indigenous, that belongs to the underworld. There is also something very natural about man and that is respecting the integrity of others, our inner life, nobody can abuse him, should not exploit it in any way, nor capitalize on it. We do not do that at all with our best friends. If a friend told me some secrets about his life, it would be based on me wiping them in confidence. But here we have a technology that is fully automated and accesses the secret. We are also at the beginning of a process since these social networks, and all the use of the Internet is increasingly linked to something very private. And the next step will be, or is already, that more and more things are connected to the Internet, in other words, this generates even more data. Just so you can shed light on how intimate this might be, isn’t really something I think will happen, but imagine Facebook posting all the conversations you have had with everyone all these years? I mean, everyone already has a part of their intimate, private sphere inside the monster, and that makes our inner self very vulnerable. And again, I think of the likeness of oil.
The greatest form of control is when you think you are free, when you are, fundamentally manipulated and directed. David Icke
This is something that should not be capitalized, it is wrong in some way. And it is also basically Zuboff’s ethical argument throughout the book, and for that reason ends his criticism by arguing that this distorts the human, that this is real cynicism, which in turn leads us to a question: what can we do about it? Zuboff has no answers, she is trapped in 1800s mindset, thinking about how democracy works and how it should work or can work. There is some discrepancy in the strength of her analysis of how this works. I simply believe that this demonstrates how difficult it is, it somehow unintentionally illustrates its thesis that: here we lack experience to exercise an adequate and objective distinction, we are immersed in the process of acquiring this experience now, and when we have it collectively, the more people think about it, it will generate a slightly more powerful antidote to the cynical possibilities of the system, in any case. Otherwise, we will summarize ourselves to marquetable, computable, plannable, guidable, and analyzable beings, according to the oracles of the economy, organized from economic power.
It would be interesting to talk about the driving forces behind all this, because all this also has to do with desire. As it all has to do with gold, so to speak. Desire is the most basic thing, I mean the desire for goods, desire for property, power, impulses, experiences. That is the paradoxical thing about digital development, it is so easy, fun, and full of lust.
In the discussions that swarm about this, particularly on social media it is said that this behavioral data is intentionally used to study how it works and how it wakes up the desire. This is what drives a lot of advertising that remains a source of revenue in this context, and that generates even more behavioral data. Wanting to know a lot about how to try to influence and control as much as possible the course of people’s desires, in fact, that is the fundamental basis here. Life is the same goal, more life to be accessed. When we approach religious tradition there is often a discrepancy between life and desire, it is usually said that desire stands in the way of life. But here a very advanced distinction is required because I suspect that the response of many people would be saying no to desire should not lead to any kind of asceticism if there is no alternative to it. A reflection on this is in my article on the desire https://tinku.org/el-deseo/.
The technological advances that were born to make life easier for us are ending up enslaving us in the Matrix, these increasingly intelligent machines will soon acquire their own will, reaching and exceeding human intelligence itself. How can we know we are awake? Many of us have the feeling of not acting freely, many of us think that our actions are predetermined, very influenced, or that we live an eternal constant return of the most Nietzschean; even, that we are being manipulated and controlled and that we are within a dream. The era of surveillance capitalism responds to many of these questions, it is an objection to many contemporary myths, a subterfuge to the dilemmas of guarded humanity.
[1] Matrix is an action-sci-fi film directed by sisters Lilly and Lana Wachowski released in 1999. The film became an icon within the world of cyberpunk, a subgenre of science fiction characterized by the advancement of technology and the precariousness of life. What is Matrix according to philosophy? In the Matrix there are two worlds: the real one, where machines control humans and sow them for energy, and that of the Matrix, a virtual world where the minds of humans are enslaved and believe they live in normality. Therefore, the philosophical component is the problem of the real.
[2] Shoshana Zuboff is the author of 3 works, each of which has appeared at the beginning of a new technological era. To late 1980s, In the Age of the Smart Machine (In the era of the smart machine) anticipated the revolution that computers would provoke in the workplace. At the end of the century 20th. The Support Economy (The support economy) predicted the rise of digital capitalism and services tailor-made consumer. Today The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, The era of surveillance capitalism exposes a world in which users are no longer mere customers but raw material of a new industrial system. Zuboff it is headline Emeritus by Professor Charles Edward Wilson of Harvard Business School and associate professor at berkman Center for Internet and Society Harvard Law School.
[3] Through This Edict, the conqueror was to inform the indigenous people that God, creator of the first man, had chosen St. Peter and his successors from Rome as monarchs of the world, superior in authority to all the princes of the Earth. A later pope, Alexander VI had conferred the possession of the inhabitants of the new continent on the king of Castile. Therefore, indigenous people were ordered to recognize their authority and remain as their free, Christian subjects. Any refusal or delay in accepting these demands would entail immediate war (Fair War), making them ins of death or enslaveness as rebels. The reading ended with the threat of taking the goods of the listeners, of Enslave their women and children and make them.”as many evils and damage as possible” if they did not comply with this mandate or requirement. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requerimiento_(historia_de_Am%C3%A9rica)
[4] Google Street View it is a presentation of Google Maps and Google Earth What provides street-level panoramas (360 degrees of horizontal motion and 290 degrees of vertical movement), allowing users to see parts of selected cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas.
[5] As reports published by The New York Times And The Observer, that private data was then used to psychologically manipulate voters in elections U.S. 2016, where Donald Trump was elected president. Facebook’s stock fell 7% following the publication of a series of journalistic research that says consultancy Cambridge Analytica improperly acquired information from 50 million users of the social network in the United States. Un scandal that began with a seemingly innocent test personality on the social network and led to accusations of data theft, political interference and blackmail with prostitutes. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-43472797
[6] It is based on the reputation of the citizen, who is the same Estimating it, giving everyone a value, a number, a score between 350 and 950 depending on their reliability. If you don’t pay a fine or commit a misdemeanor, such as having very loud music or smoking in a forbidden place at home, you lose points, but you also lose them if your religious beliefs and political opinions – or those of your friends – are not in line with official Chinese options. https://www.esquire.com/es/actualidad/a30361853/credito-social-chino-que-es/
[7] Boaventura de Sousa calls this: college capitalism imposed from above, In Where the university’s vision is that this is like a company, the result of which ends up being what he calls: A epistemicide. For a greater understanding of this thought see These Videoconferences by Sousa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLktRTlkq8, https://tinku.org/dr-boaventura-de-sousa-santos-conferencia-regional-de-educacion-superior-cres-2018/ , https://tinku.org/descolonizacion-epistemologica-del-sur-boaventura-de-sousa-y-dussel-2/
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